Water
Nitrate contamination of U.S. drinking-water systems has been modeled to cause thousands of excess cancer cases annually at levels far under the EPA limit, largely from agricultural runoff, a separate concern from fluoride additives. The estimate: a mean of 6,537 nitrate-attributable cancer cases per year nationally (range 2,300-12,594), combining colorectal, ovarian, thyroid, kidney, and bladder cancer risk. A meta-analysis of eight studies calculated a one-in-a-million cancer risk threshold at just 0.14 mg/L nitrate, roughly 70 times lower than the EPA's 10 mg/L legal limit.[1] Water makes up most of cell volume. Conventional physiology treats intracellular water as a simple solvent, free to move osmotically across the cell membrane.
Polarized multilayer theory
[edit]Gilbert Ling's Association-Induction Hypothesis proposes instead that most cell water exists as structured, polarized multilayers on the extended surfaces of cellular proteins, rather than as free bulk water. This structured water has different solvent properties than ordinary water and excludes solutes like sodium on its own, without requiring active membrane pumping.[2]
Osmosis
[edit]Osmosis is the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration, driven by the tendency of water to equalize concentration on both sides. Conventional cell physiology explains cell volume and water content through osmotic balance across the cell membrane, maintained by ion pumps; the polarized multilayer theory above offers an alternative account, in which cell volume is governed by the state of structured water rather than membrane pumping alone.
Depolarization swelling and aging
[edit]ATP holds water in cells in a tightly organized, structured form; when ATP is seriously depleted, adsorbed potassium is released and becomes osmotically active, letting sodium, chloride, and ordinary bulk water flood in.[3] This "depolarization swelling" is part of what happens to injured or dying cells, and milder versions of the same energy-dependent water shift likely occur physiologically as metabolic rate varies.[3] See ATP, Aging.
Dehydration and mood
[edit]Mild whole-body dehydration measurably worsens mood in women. In a University of Connecticut trial, healthy young women lost a mean of 1.36% of body mass through exercise-induced dehydration without significant hyperthermia. Compared to their own fully hydrated trials, the dehydrated condition produced lower vigor-activity, higher fatigue-inertia, and greater total mood disturbance on the Profile of Mood States, plus increased perceived task difficulty, reduced concentration, and more headache symptoms, both at rest and during exercise. Most objective cognitive-performance measures, aside from these subjective and mood effects, were not significantly affected.[4]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ↑ Temkin A, Evans S, Manidis T, Campbell C, Naidenko OV. "Exposure-based assessment and economic valuation of adverse birth outcomes and cancer risk due to nitrate in United States drinking water," Environ Res. 2019;176:108442.
- ↑ Ling, G.N. "A Quantitative Theory of Solute Distribution in Cell Water According to Molecular Size." Physiol. Chem. Phys. & Med. NMR (1993) 25:145-175.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Ray Peat, "Age Pigment: Cause and Effect of Aging," wiki.chadnet.org.
- ↑ Armstrong LE, Ganio MS, Casa DJ, Lee EC, McDermott BP, Klau JF, Jimenez L, Le Bellego L, Chevillotte E, Lieberman HR. "Mild Dehydration Affects Mood in Healthy Young Women," J Nutr. 2012;142(2):382-388.